07年外销员考试英语：英语语法之名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
（一）主语从句
1、 由that引起的主语从句
这是用的最广泛的主语从句，但真正放在句首的这类从句是比较少的，因为主语太长会显得头重脚轻。不过有时为了强调或谓语较长时也有这样安排的。
e.g. That she became an artist may have been due to her father’s influence.她成为一名艺术家也许是受她父亲的影响。
绝大多数包含主语从句的句子都借助先行词it作为形式上的主语，而把主语置于句末，例如：
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.
很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。
It’s a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that… 有必要……
It is important that… 重要的是……
It is obvious that… 很明显……
b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
It is believed that… 人们相信……
It is known to all that… 众所周知……
It has been decided that… 已决定……
c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识
It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that… 事实是……
d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
It appears that… 似乎……
It happens that… 碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……
2、由连接代词、连接副词或由连词whether引起的主语从句
Who is to head the delegation hasn’t been made public.谁来领到这个代表团还没有宣布。
When we arrive doesn’t matter.什么时候到没有关系。
Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有等证实。
3、由关系代词型what引起的主语从句
What he said was perfectly true.他讲的都是事实。
What you have to do is to choose a company to invest in.你需要做的是选一家公司投资。
Whatever，whoever，whichever都可引起主语从句
Whatever she says goes.一切她说了算。
Whoever comes will be welcome.谁来都欢迎。
Whichever you want is yours.你要哪一个，哪一个就是你的。
例题解析：
P41/ 10．______ is more important is not to lose the business, even though this price will leave us no profit at all.
A. such B. It C. That D. What
翻译：更加重要的是不失去这笔生意，即使该价格将使我们无利可图。
（二）表语从句
表语从句在句子中作表语, 位于主句中的系动词之后。引导表语从句的连词主要有：that, whether, when, where, because, etc。
1、表语从句多数都由that引起（有时that可以省略）
The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。
My idea is that we should start making preparations right now.我的意见是我们马上就做准备开始工作。
2、表语从句也可由连接代词、副词引起：
That’s why I object to the plan. 这就是我反对这个计划的原因。
The problem is who can be sent to replace him. 问题是能派谁去顶替他。
3、关系代词型的what也可引起表语从句：
That’s what I want to stress.这是我想强调的。
Fame and personal gain is what they pursue.他们追求的是名利。
（三）宾语从句
宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。
1、 作动词的宾语
1）由that引起从句做宾语的情况十分普遍：
John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。
有些动词后的连词that常可省略，如believe，think，suppose，presume（假定，假设，认为），在say，see，know， hear
propose，understand和be told等动词后连词that可以用，也可以不用，在书面语中还是不省略为好。
例题解析：
P40/ 3. We find ______ transshipment and partial shipment of the Printed Shirting are not possible.
A. that B. what C. where D. there
整句翻译：我们认为印花细布的转船和分批装运使不可能的。
2）宾语从句也可以由连接代词、副词或连词whether（if）引起：
She inquired how we are going on. 她问我们情况怎样？
I wonder what’s happened. 我想知道发生了什么事。
He asked me where I was going. 他问我到哪儿去。
Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday. 请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。
例题解析：
P41/ 4. Bearing this in mind, we are inquiring ______ we could now begin discussing the issue of sole agency.
A. if B. that C. what D. where
Inquire: ask about
整句翻译：考虑到这一点，我们正在问我们是否现在可以开始讨论代理的问题。
P41/ 9. In order to obtain the needed information, the inquirer should write simply, clearly, and concisely ______ he wants to know.
A. what B. that C. so D. because
整句翻译：为了得到需要的信息，调查者应该把他想知道的东西写得简明扼要、一清二楚。
2、作介词的宾语
Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.我们的成功取决于我们之间合作得如何。
例题解析：
P42/ 12. From ______ you say it seems that some of the goods escaped the inspection we normally give to all our products.
A. that B. what C. which D. it
从你所说的来看，好像有些商品逃过了我们对所有产品的正常检查。
P43/ 19. We are arranging for an inspection tour of ______ the material was processed.
A. place B. the place C. where D. there
我们正在安排到加工原料的地方进行检查巡视。
P46/ 44. To make profitable use of the Net, cyber-enterprises need to appreciate its uniqueness. It’s more like direct marketing, but a lot of people try to apply existing skills to ______ is an entirely new medium.
A. that B. what C. which D. when
Apply...to...: 把…应用于…
整句翻译：为了充分使用网路，网际企业应该认识到它的独特性。网络更像直接市场营销，但是很多人试图把现有的技巧运用到一个完全崭新的媒介上去。
3、作形容词的宾语
I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake. 恐怕我弄错了。
I am glad that you are satisfied with your job. 你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
I’m not sure why she refused their invitation. 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。
That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：
Anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。
4、It 可以作为形式宾语
It 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如：
We heard it that she would get married next month.我们听说她下个月要结婚了。
例题解析：
P40/ 1. We made it clear ______ shipment will be effected in August.
A. what B. that C. which D. when
整句翻译：我们已经说明货物将于八月份运到。
（四）同位语从句
同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。
1、同位语从句的功能
同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：
The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.
The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.
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